Application of Cell Culture Products, Cell Cultured Methods are Extensively, Theoretical Genetic Studies, Acatalasia, Galactosemia, Maple Syrup Urine Disease

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	Applications of Cell Culture Products Cell culture methods are extensively used in applied as well as theoretical genetic studies Cells from various sources can be cultured in suitable growth, medium. A karyotyping study can be carried out. The Karyotype of a population of cells or an organism is the catalogue of the chromosome of a typical or an average cell. The Karyotype will enable to identify the species of origin of cell lines. However, the most important application of karyotyping in medicine is the early diagnosis of some congenital abnormalities. Inheritance of unbalanced complements of chromosomes (Klinefelter’s syndrome XXY, Tuner’s syndrome-XO, Down’s syndrome, etc) or other anomalies such as translocations or deletions, can be detected in the prenatal stage itself. This method is really a blessing to the parents since, if detected, they cn opt to terminate the pregnancy at the earlier stages
(b) A large number of metabolic disorder can be identified in primary cultures. Many of the genetic (hereditary) metabolic disorders can be determined by demonstrating the metabolic abnormality, most commonly the absence of an enzyme in the tissue. Example are: i) Absence of catalase Acatalasia ii) Absence of a D galactose 1-phosphate and UDP glucose uridyll transferase Galactosemia iii) Absence of a decarboxylase enzyme decarboxylating branced chain keto acid Maple syrup urine disease
All the above disease have been demonstrated in primary fibroblast cultures. Some human genetic disorders can be studied by measuring the deficiency of the transferase enzyme per cell. Examples are glycose storage disease, hemocystinuria, Hunter’s syndrome, Hurler’s syndrome, I-cell disease, Niemann-pick disease, Orotic aciduria, Refsum’s Disease, Xeroderma pigmentosa, etc c) Somatic cell genetic studies can be carried put in tissue cultures. These studies enable us to understand the behaviour of heterokaryons following fusion of parent cells with different properties. They are also aimed at studying the behaviour of hybrid cells derived from heterokaryons so that information about interaction between different genes can be elicited. Somatic cell genetic study also aims at mapping loci on different chromosomes
d) Tissue cultures are able to support the growth of viruses. Tissue cultures can also reveal the presence of various viruses by lesions which are specific in some cases. This specificity of lesions has been made use of in virology for the study of host-parasite relationship, for the detection and identification of viruses and for the production of viruses for vaccine manufacture The study of host-parasite relationship, which is the study of relationship between cells and viruses, has been greatly aided by the use of tissue culture methods. Detection and identification of viruses from suspected cases are also possible using this technique
	Viruses are grown in tissue cultures for the development of vaccines and the production of vaccine against poliomyelitis is important among them. In addition to viruses, other intracellular parasites have also been grown in tissue culture and studied, e.g., rickettsiae, mycobacteria (tuberculosis and leprosy bacilli), lepraemurium, parasitic protozoans, etc. e) The mysteries about cancer could be unraveled by tissue culture techniques. Starting from the culture studies of Beebe and Ewing (1906) many scientists have worked on the problem of cancer. The breakthrough was the development of quantitative assay procedures for tumor viruses, stimulated by the exploitation of cell culture method by virologists