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Restoration Through Micropropagation - The forests account for 29-34% of the land area on earth and for 19.52% (62.20 million ha) of the land area in India, where only 10.88% (35.79 million ha) is covered by closed forest. While on the one hand, forests are a source of goods and services (including firewood, fodder', pulp, and fibre industries), they also maintain climatic stability and conserve water and soil. Today, there is a widening gap between the supply and demand of forest based materials, and the forests are being denuded leading to degeneration of environment in a variety of ways

It has also been shown that the degraded lands can be effectively used and restored by planting forests using trees of wide adaptability and high productivity. In this manner, high yield of biomass and other plant products may be obtained from the degraded lands. For this purpose, it is recommended that clonal propagation of superior genetic stocks rather than seeds of uncertain genetic quality should be used. Even on the degraded lands, few trees grow well despite the adverse conditions, and these trees can be used for clonal micropropagation through the technique of tissue culture.

It has been estimated that, a multiplication rate of 10,000 to 100,000 per year is technically possible for many species. Towards this objective, superior genotypes of many species capable of growing well on degraded lands have been selected for mass multiplication

The clonal multiplication involves the following four steps:

(i) initiation of aseptic culture;

(ii) shoot multiplication using shoot apical meristem or buds

(iii) rooting of in vitro formed shoots and

(iv) acclimatization and transfer of micro propagated plantlets in the field. It is estimated that in the year 1990, 500 million plants of diverse nature have been produced in 60 countries.

In New Zealand, large number of micropropagated plantlets of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) are being used for reforestation and it is estimated that as many as two million plantlets were in the field in 1992.