Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) - Copyright,DNA Sequence,Photomicrographs,TradeSecret

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	Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) - Copyright - The best example of copyright is the authored and edited books, or audeo and video cassettes, which can not be reproduced without the permission of the person (author, editor or publisher), who holds the copyright. While patents and trade secrets get the protection for the basic idea, expressed or not expressed in writing, the copyright is possible only on the expressed material (printed, painted, tape recorded, video recorded or expressed in any other form).
Copyright rules may be modified from time to time as has been done to allow copy right ability to computer software. In biotechnology, the copyright may cover DNA sequence data which may be published. However, an alternative sequence coding for same protein may be prepared using wobble in the genetic code, so that the copyright is not infringed. Computer data bases and photomicrographs of DNA instruction manuals related to biotechnology can also be copyrighted. The protection to copyright is limited, however, since although one may not be allowed to photocopy the present book on biotechnology due to copyright, but the ideas given in the book can be used for any purpose. This is not so in case of patents and trade secrets. An instruction manual can be copyrighted and also protected as a trade secret, but can not be patented.