Biotechnology & Intellectual Property Rights,Plant Biotechnology,Immobilized Enzymes,Hormones,Synthetic Steriods

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	Biotechnology & Intellectual Property Rights - In recent years, there have also been discussions on the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) emanating from the use of biotechnology. It is also emphasized that protection of these rights may also in its turn affect the development of biotechnology. The intellectual property rights include patents, trade secrets, trademarks and copyrights, which can be protected through a variety of laws in different countries. However, not all developments in biotechnology can be protected as intellectual property rights.
For instance, techniques used in medical science ( bypass heart surgery, organ transplant, artificial limbs, use of drugs, antibiotics and vaccines, etc.) are not patentable. For plant biotechnology also, a variety of culture methods, biological control of pests and weeds are not patented. There are other examples of the products of biotechnology, which can be patented. These include products like modified antibiotics, hormones and enzymes, synthetic steroids; immobilized enzymes, organ specific drug delivery, heart valves, artificial teeth, plastic bags for blood storage, etc.
A variety of products in the field of agriculture and animal husbandary are also patentable. There are also international agreements made to enforce protection of intellectual property rights generated in one country and needing protection in other countries.