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Pseudogenes - Pseudogenes are genes which have lost their ability to perform a function due to mutations. These genes are very similar to the other members of their family, but contain scrambled nucleotide sequences, e.g. Ψε, Ψα genes look like α and β globin genes.

 

 

 

 

Besides others, these applications for environment clean-up include biotreatment methods for effluents and toxic wastes (this subject is described as bioremediation and is discussed in the next). However, these bioremediation treatments, it is feared, could be problematic, where they involve deliberate or accidental release of genetically modified microbes to the environment. These applications of biotechnology in environment management.