For instance, chemically stimulated endocytosis of plasmids or DNA loaded liposomes and electroporation are employed for delivery of DNA to protoplasts only.
On the other hand techniques like microinjection, macroinjection and shooting with microprojectiles can be used with a variety of explants (e.g. immature embryos, organ meristems, gametes, zygotes, etc.).
These latter techniques achieve significance, because regeneration of transformed plants from protoplst derived tissues is still difficult in many species particularly in cereals (although encouraging results have been recently obtained in case of maize rice, wheat, oats, etc.).
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