In
view
of
these
difficulties,
humanizing
of
rodent
monoclonal
antibodies
through
genetic
engineering
is
the
most
practical
approach,
which
is
being
evolved
and
used
for
the
production
of
mouse
human
chimeric
monoclonal
antibodies
to
be
used
for
tumour
therapy
or
for
manipulation
of
human
immune
system
or
against
cell
surface
antigens.
The
humanized
chimeric
antibodies
combine
the
rodent
variable
regions
with
the
human
constant
(or
constant
+
variable)
framework
regions
To
further
reduce
the
immunogenicity
of
rodent
elements,
humanized
antibodies
have
been
produced,
which
retain
only
the
antigen
binding
complementarity
determining
regions
(CDRs)
from
the
rodent
in
association
with
human
framework
regions.
In
another
approach
transgenic
mice
carrying
human
genes
for
V,
D,
J
and
C
regions
have
been
produced.
These
can
be
used
for
the
production
of
human
antibodies
directly
by
hyperimmunization.
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