(iii) high operational stability,
(iv) lower cost and
(v) possibility of application in multistep enzyme reactions. In addition, immobilization permits continuous operation of bioreactor, which reduces the reactor volume and, consequently, pollution problems. Obviously, immobilized cells are used for such biotransformations of compounds, which require action of a single enzyme.
Cell immobilization may be achieved in one of the following ways.
(1) Cells may be directly bound to water insoluble carriers, e.g., cellulose, dextran, ion exchange resins, porous glass, brick, sand, etc., by adsorption, ionic bonds or covalent bonds.
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