Scale up of Process - The information obtained from shake-flasks is evaluated using small (1-12 1) and, subsequently, larger (l00-300 1 or even larger) experimental fermenters. Fermenters provide a better control of the various factors, e.g., temperature, pH, aeration, nutrient feeding, etc., and allows a closer approximation of the conditions of large fermenters.

The information gained from these smaller fermenters is used to predict/determine the proper fermentation conditions for the very large production fermenters; this is called scale up of the process.