Altering Gene Functions by Radical Substitutions - In this case, amino acids having dissimilar charge (i.e., acidic group amino acid, e.g. ASP is replaced by basic amino acid, e.g. lys) or chemically reactive amino acid is replaced by non reactive amino acid or high molecular weight amino acid is replaced by low molecular weight amino acid.

These mutations result in difference in mass/charge ratio of protein hence can be detected electrophoretically. The mutation can have zero effect to full effect depending upon the type or site of replacement. A diagrammatic representation of different types of mutations that alter DNA sequence and gene function.