Advancement in Development of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques

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Period	Advances
1900	First attempts to culture plant cells and tissues in nonaseptic conditions Formulation of problems (Haberlandt)
1904	Culture of embryogenic tissue (Hannig)
1908	Cell division in string bean (Winker) Callus from poplar stem segments (Simon)
1920	Limited culture of excised pea and maize roots (Kotte and Robbins)
1925	Zygotic embryo culture (Laibach)

1934	Discovery that auxin IAA promotes cell growth (Went) Indefinite culture of tomato roots (White) Indefinite callus cultures of tree species (Gautheret)
1935	IAA stimulated cambial activity (Snow) Use of IAA in media (carrot cultures) (Gautheret)
1937	Importance of thiamine in yeast extract (Bonner)
1940	Use of tumor hybrid Nicotiana glauca, N. langsdorffii to produce callus cultures (White) Recognition of. role of Vitamin B₁(Gautheret)
1941	Use of coconut milk to support embryoids of Datura hybrids (Van Overbeek et al.)
1945	Cultures from stem tip (Loo)
1946	Identification of exact part of shoot meristem that gives rise to a whole plan, (Ball)
1950	Discovery that adenine derived from nucleic acids enhances cell proliferation and bud formation in callus cultures (Skoog) Endosperm cultures established (La Rue) Culture of monocotyledons established using coconut rriilk additive to media (Morel) Coconut milk enhanced more proliferation (Caplin and Straward) Single cell cultures (Sanford et al.)

1951

Discovery that cytokinin, kinetin promote cell division (Miller et al.)

1960

Effects of graft transmissible growth regulatory substances on differentiation
Roles of auxin and cytokinin on shoot and root induction in tobacco callus cultures established (Skoog and Miller)
Discovery of somatic embryogenesis in carrot callus cultures (Reinert) Importance of copper, manganese, iodine, and chelating agents on root metabolism (Street et al.; Burstrom)
Information on the effect of ammonium and amino acids (Sheat et al.)
Breaking down of callus tissue into single cells (Muir)
Development of plating technique (Bergmann)
Designing of microculture method using hanging drops (Jones et al.)

1960 to	(Shoot) micropropagation Effect of cytokinins on apical dominance Genetic stability: clonal propagation
1970	Pathogen (virus) elimination
	- Systemic infection - Isolation and regeneration of non-vascularized meristematic part
	Pathogen indexing - Immunological tests
	Germplasm conservation Induction of somatic embryogenesis (Steward et al.; Kohlenbact) Anther culture (Guha and Maheshwari) - Pollen embryogenesis - Haploid callus and plant regeneration (Bourgin and Nitsch)
	Isolated microspore culture Ovule culture (San Noeum) Interspecific hybridization and embryo culture In vitro pollination (Kanta et al.) -Isolated ovule and placenta culture

1971 to	Protoplast isolation (Cocking)
1980	-Enzymatic digestion of cell wall, pectinase, cellulase - Osmolarity of media
	Protoplast culture - Cell wall regeneration - Cell division
	Plant regeneration from protoplast (Nagata and Takebe) - Cell and callus culture - Organogenesis and/or somatic embryogenesis
	Protoplast Fusion - PEG, electrofusion - Homo-heterokaryotic fusion - Hybrid cytoplasm
	Somatic hybrids (Carlson et al.) - Selection of fusion products - New hybrid combinations
	Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids (Zenkteler et al., 1975)

1981 to	Somaclonal variation
1991	-Crop species
	- New breeding system - In vitro selection
	In vitro mutation breeding technology - Mutagenic application - In vitro selection - A system of plant breeding
	Recombinant DNA technology Cell transformation Gene expression Plant regeneration from genetically modified cells with new characters
	- Herbicide resistance - Insect resistance - Viral disease resistance - Transgenic plants