Anthur Culture,Isolated Pollen Grains,Haploid Production,Callus Formation,Haploid Plantlets

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	Anthur Culture - Haploid plants may be obtained from pollen grains by placing anthers or isolated pollen grains on a suitable culture medium; this constitutes anther and pollen culture, respectively. The anthers may be taken from plants grown in the field or in pots, but ideally these plants should be grown under controlled temperature, light and humidity; the optimum conditions may differ from species to species. Often, the capacity for haploid production declines with the age of donor plants. Flower buds of the appropriate developmented stage are collected, surface sterilized, and their anthers are excised and placed horizontally on culture medium.
Some workers prefer to partially embed the anthers in the culture medium. Flower buds with small anthers may them selves be cultured and, in some cases, the entire inflorescence has been cultured. Care should be taken to avoid injury to anthers since it may induce callus formation from anther walls. Alternatively, pollen grains may be separated from anthers and cultured on a suitable medium. In many plant species, SEs from the Pollen grains of cultured anthers are directly produced, e.g., in Datura; Atropa, Brassica campestris, B. napus, several Nicotiana sp. (including N. tabacum and N. rustica), Petunia axillaris, etc
In such cases, the plants obtained from germination of embryos are generally haploid, but some polyploids are also produced. But in many other species like rice (O. vulgare), barley (H. vulgare), wheat, tomato, triticale, etc. pollen grains produce callus from which plantlets may be regenerated under suitable culture conditions. In these cases, the ploidy level of plants varies considerably more than in those where embryos are produced. Haploid plantlets have been regenerated from pollen grains of about 200 species of over 50 genera and 25 families. Of these, the following are examples of important crop species: potato (S. tuberosum), barley, wheat (Triticum sp.), rice, Brassica campestris, Triticale, many members of Solanaceae and some vegetables.

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