Large Scale Cell Culture in Biotechnology, Metalloothionein IIA Promoter, Baculovirus IIA Promoters, Perfusion Systems

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	Large Scale Cell Culture in Biotechnology - Large scale animal cell cultures have been extensively utilized in recent years and they form the basis of a multimillion dollar industry in Europe, North and South Americas, Africa, Japan and in India. This industry, in future, will grow and will be a major area in biotechnology.
Availability of genetically modified cells for the production of recombinant compounds has increased the utility of large scale cell cultures in industry. Specific promoters like human metallothionein IIA promoter and baculovirus IIA promoter have been utilized to provide high expression of foreign genes, so that the large scale cell cultures may become commercially profitable. Recombinant baculovirus with foreign useful genes have also been designed, so that the cells infected by these viruses may be used in culture for the commercial production of certain chemicals. For this purpose, various 'perfusion systems' have been developed, where cells are "retained in a bioreactor, while conditioned medium is constantly replaced with fresh medium, so that cell density and reactor productivity may be increased.