Gene Modification OR Transformation of Protoplasts - Since protoplasts lack a cell wall around its plasma membrane, they are suitable for uptake of chloroplasts, nuclei, microorganisms and naked DNA.

Although, some success has been achieved for the introduction of foreign chloroplasts, nuclei and microbes for genetic modification, the maximum work has been done and success achieved in the uptake of foreign DNA. The genetic modification through uptake of foreign DNA involves uptake, integration, replication, expression and transmission.