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Visual Selection of Somatic Hybrids - In most of the somatic hybridization experiments selection procedures involve fusion of chlorophyll deficient (nongreen) protoplasts of one parent with the green protoplasts of the other parent (wild type) since this facilitates visual identification of heterokaryons at the light microscope level. Nongreen protoplasts are isolated from cultured cells, epidermal cells, or antibiotic induced albino plantlets.

The visual selection procedure is coupled with complementary natural differences in the sensitivity of parental protoplasts to media constituents which enables only the hybrid cells to develop in cultures and regenerate plants. Wild type protoplasts of Petunia parodii were fused with albino protoplasts isolated from cell suspension cultures of P. hybrida, P. inflata, and P. parviflora in separate experiments.

In all these combinations P. parodii green protoplasts were eliminated at the small colony stage, while the albino protoplasts of the other parent developed colorless colonies. Hybrid components proliferated into green calli and subsequently regenerated somatic hybrid plants.

Using this method, Cocking et al. (1977) recovered somatic hybrids in Datura. In these systems the protoplasts of a chlorophyll deficient mutant regenerated into shoots on a defined medium while the wild type protoplasts did not.
After fusion of these two types of protoplasts somatic hybrids were recovered and the intermediate nature of the hybrid could be confirmed. The hybrid thus recovered demonstrated the potential for shoot production of the chlorophyll deficient mutant plus the potential for chlorophyll synthesis of the wild type.

In experiments on intergeneric somatic hybridization, Krumbiegel and Schieder (1979) used the scheme in which the parental protoplasts and heterokaryons were allowed to develop calli in cultures. The morphological differences in the resultant three types of calli permitted identification of the hybrid tissue, which could then be selected out to regenerate somatic hybrid plants.

Individual heterokaryons can be identified visually under a light microscope, be isolated mechanically by means of a Drummond pipette, and can be cloned in microdrop cultures. Gleba and Hoffmann (1979) used this technique for producing somatic hybrid plants between Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica campestris.

This approach suffers from the fact that it requires special culture media for each particular hybrid cell type to divide and form clusters. This is also called the fishing method. Somatic hybrid callus has been similarly obtained in fusion between colorless protoplasts of Glycine max derived from cell cultures with the green mesophyll protoplasts of Nicotiana glauca.

The fusion products can be identified by the presence of chloroplasts in one half of the cell and starch granules in the other half. Diffusion of chloroplasts throughout the cell occurs shortly after fusion. Even though the mechanical method of isolation of somatic fusion products is the most tedious method, it may be the most likely method for recovering osmotic hybrids in a variety of different plants, especially legumes, cereals, and tree species.