Chloroplast Transformation Methods -
Some of the methods used for gene transfer into nuclei also bring about chloroplast transformation; these methods are
(i) particle gun,
(ii) PEG treatment, and
(iii) microinjection.

Particle gun is the most widely used and effective method of transforming chloroplasts. This method yields a high efficiency rate, and can be used to transform a variety of explants. PEG- mediated DNA uptake is less efficient than the biolistic approach.

In the Galistan expansion femtosyringe approach, DNA is microinjected directly into chloroplasts using a very small syringe.The heat induced expansion of a liquid metal, galistan, within a glass syringe forces the plasmid DNA through a capillary tip (diameter -0.1 nm).