Direct Gene Transfers - Introduction of DNA into plant cells without the involvement of a biological agent like Agrobacterium and leading to stable transformation is known as direct gene transfer. The spontaneous uptake of DNA by plant cells is quite low.

Therefore, different chemical and physical treatments are employed to facilitate the entry of DNA into plant cells.
The various methods of direct gene transfer are as follows:

(1) chemical methods,
(2) electroporation,
(3) particle gun delivery,