Genetic Transformation of Choloroplasts - Chloroplasts and mitochondria perform indispensable functions of photosynthesis and respiration. Modification of chloroplast genes and/or introduction into them of some selected transgenes could improve photosynthesis, and even enhance crop yields.

In addition, transgenes confering resistance to herbicides, insects, etc. and those encoding pharmaceutical proteins, etc. could' be expressed in chloroplasts as this offers unique advantages.