Limitations of Chloroplast Transformation -

1. Transformation frequencies are much lower than those for nuclear genes.
2. Prolonged selection procedures under high selection pressure are required for the recovery of transformants.
3. The methods of transgene transfer into chloroplasts are limited, and they are either expensive or require regeneration from protoplasts.
4. These transformation systems are far more successful with tobacco than with other plant species.
5. Products of transgenes ordinarily accumulate in green parts only.