| Gene |
Source |
Characteristic |
| Scorable Markers |
lux (Luciferase) |
Bacteria, firefly |
Phosphorescence |
| lacZ (β-Galactosidase) |
E. coli |
Blue colour |
| uidA (β -Glucuronidase) |
E. coli |
Blue colour (substrate X-glue) |
| Green fluorescent protein (GFP) |
Jelly fish (Aequorea victoria) |
Fluoresces bright green under UV light (long wavelength) or blue light due to the presence of a β -hydroxy benzylidine imidazolinone chromophore |
Selectable Markers |
| Antibiotic resistance |
|
|
| nptII (Neomycin phosphotransferase) |
Tn5 |
Kanamycin, neomycin and G418 resistance |
| hptIV (Hygromycin phosphotransferase) |
E. coli, Streptomyces hygroscopicus |
Hygromycin B resistance |
| Kan r [Aminoglycoside 3'phosphotransferase II; APH(3')II] |
Bacteria |
Resistance to kanamycin |
Herbicide resistance |
| bar (Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase) |
Streptomyces hygroscopicus |
Phosphinothricin or bialaphos resistance |
| ALS (Mutant acetolactate synthase) |
Arabidopsis thaliama, tobacco (N. tabacum), E. coli, yeast |
Resistance to sulfonyl ureas and imidazolinones |
| Unusual GR/Substrate Utilization Markers |
| β -Glucuronidase (uidA) |
E. coli |
Releases BAP from benzyladenine N-3-glucuronide, which is used in selection medium |
| Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase |
|
Converts mannose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate; selection medium has mannose as a carbon source |
| Xylose isomerase |
|
Isomerises xylose to xylulose; xylose used in selection medium. |
