Transformation of Techniques,Transformation,Transgenic Tissues

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	Transformation of Techniques - The uptake of foreign DNA or transgenes by plant cells is called transformation. A variety of techniques have been used to introduce transgenes into plant cells; these can be grouped into the following two broad categories: (1) Agrobacterium-mediated and (2) direct gene transfers. The type of plant cells employed for transformation would largely depend on the objectives of the study. For studies on gene regulation etc., (i) the cells need to be competent to take up DNA and allow the expression of transgene.
(ii) For the production of transgenic tissues, the cells, in addition, must be meristematic. Finally, (iii) transgenic plants can be produced only when the cells are also capable of regenerating complete plants. In case of plants, stable transformations may be either nonintegrative, or integrative. In non integrative stable transformation, the transgene is maintained stably in an extrachromosomal state, e.g., in case of virus vectors. But such transformations are not passed on to the next generation. On the other hand, integrative stable transformation results when the transgene becomes integrated into the plant genome; these integrations are heritable.